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Pope Gregory I ((ラテン語:Gregorius I); c. 540 – 12 March 604), commonly known as Saint Gregory the Great,〔 Gregory had come to be known as 'the Great' by the late ninth century, a title which is still applied to him. See John Moorhead, ''Gregory the Great'', (Routledge, 2005), p1 〕 was Pope from 3 September 590 to his death in 604. Gregory is well known for his writings, which were more prolific than those of any of his predecessors as pope.〔Ekonomou, 2007, p. 22.〕 He is also known as St. Gregory the Dialogist in Eastern Christianity because of his ''Dialogues''. For this reason, English translations of Eastern texts will sometimes list him as "Gregory Dialogus". Throughout the Middle Ages he was known as “the Father of Christian Worship” because of his exceptional efforts in revising the Roman worship of his day.〔''Christian Life and Worship (Dissertations in European Economic History)'', 1948, 1979, Gerald Ellard (1894–1963), Arno Press, ISBN 0-405-10819-2 ISBN 9780405108198, p. 125. ()〕 His contributions to the development of the Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts, still in use in the Byzantine Rite, were so significant that he is generally recognized as its ''de facto'' author. He was the first of the popes to come from a monastic background. Gregory is a Doctor of the Church and one of the Latin Fathers. He is considered a saint in the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Anglican Communion, and some Lutheran churches. Immediately after his death, Gregory was canonized by popular acclaim. The Protestant reformer John Calvin admired Gregory and declared in his ''Institutes'' that Gregory was the last good pope. He is the patron saint of musicians, singers, students, and teachers.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=St. Gregory the Great )〕 ==Early life== The exact date of Gregory's birth is uncertain, but is usually estimated to be around the year 540,〔Gregory mentions in Dialogue 3.2 that he was alive when Totila attempted to murder Carbonius, Bishop of Populonia, probably in 546. In a letter of 598 (''Register'', Book 9, Letter 1) he rebukes Bishop Januarius of Cagliari, Sardinia, excusing himself for not observing 1 Timothy 5.1, which cautions against rebuking elders. 5.9 defines elderly women to be 60 and over, which may apply to everyone. Gregory appears not to consider himself an elder, limiting his birth to no earlier than 539, but 540 is the typical selection. Dudden (1905), page 3, notes 1–3. The presumption of 540 has continued in modern times - see for example Richards, Jeffrey (1980). ''Consul of God. ''London: Routledge & Keatland Paul. 〕 in the city of Rome. His parents named him ''Gregorius'', which according to Aelfric in ''An Homily on the Birth-Day of S. Gregory,'' "... is a Greek Name, which signifies in the Latin Tongue ''Vigilantius'', that is in English, Watchful...." The medieval writers who give this etymology〔Elizabeth goes on to state that "Paulus Diaconus, who first writ the life of St. Gregory, and is followed by all the after Writers on that subject, observes that 'ex Greco eloquio in nostra lingua ... vigilator, seu vigilans sonat." However, Paul the deacon is too late for the first ''vita'', or life.〕 do not hesitate to apply it to the life of Gregory. Aelfric, for example, goes on: "He was very diligent in God's Commandments."〔The name is Biblical, derived from New Testament contexts: grēgorein is a present, continuous aspect, meaning to be watchful of forsaking Christ. It is derived from a more ancient perfect, egrēgora, "roused from sleep", of egeirein, "to awaken someone." 〕 Gregory was born into a wealthy patrician Roman family with close connections to the church. His father, Gordianus, who served as a Senator and for a time was the Prefect of the City of Rome,〔Thornton, pp 163-8〕 also held the position of Regionarius in the church, though nothing further is known about that position. Gregory's mother, Silvia, was well-born and had a married sister, Pateria, in Sicily. His mother and two paternal aunts are honored by Catholic and Orthodox churches as saints.〔 Gregory's great-great-grandfather had been Pope Felix III,〔Whether III or IV depends on whether Antipope Felix II is to be considered pope.〕 the nominee of the Gothic king, Theodoric.〔Dudden (1905), page 4.〕 Gregory's election to the throne of St Peter made his family the most distinguished clerical dynasty of the period.〔Richards〕 The family owned and resided in a ''villa suburbana'' on the Caelian Hill, fronting the same street (now the Via di San Gregorio) as the former palaces of the Roman emperors on the Palatine Hill opposite. The north of the street runs into the Colosseum; the south, the Circus Maximus. In Gregory's day the ancient buildings were in ruins and were privately owned.〔Dudden (1905), pages 11–15.〕 Villas covered the area. Gregory's family also owned working estates in Sicily〔Dudden (1905), pages 106–107.〕 and around Rome.〔Richards (1980), page 25.〕 Gregory later had portraits done in fresco in their former home on the Caelian and these were described 300 years later by John the Deacon. Gordianus was tall with a long face and light eyes. He wore a beard. Silvia was tall, had a round face, blue eyes and a cheerful look. They had another son whose name and fate are unknown.〔Dudden (1905), pages 7–8.〕 Gregory was born into a period of upheaval in Italy. From 542 the so-called Plague of Justinian swept through the provinces of the empire, including Italy. The plague caused famine, panic, and sometimes rioting. In some parts of the country, over 1/3 of the population was wiped out or destroyed, with heavy spiritual and emotional effects on the people of the Empire.〔Markus pg 4–5〕 Politically, although the Western Roman Empire had long since vanished in favour of the Gothic kings of Italy, during the 540s Italy was gradually retaken from the Goths by Justinian I, emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire ruling from Constantinople. As the fighting was mainly in the north, the young Gregory probably saw little of it. Totila sacked and vacated Rome in 546, destroying most of its ancient population, but in 549 he invited those who were still alive to return to the empty and ruined streets. It has been hypothesized that young Gregory and his parents retired during that intermission to their Sicilian estates, to return in 549.〔Dudden (1905), pages 36–37.〕 The war was over in Rome by 552, and a subsequent invasion of the Franks was defeated in 554. After that, there was peace in Italy, and the appearance of restoration, except that the central government now resided in Constantinople. Like most young men of his position in Roman society, Saint Gregory was well educated, learning grammar, rhetoric, the sciences, literature, and law, and excelling in all.〔 Gregory of Tours reported that "in grammar, dialectic and rhetoric ... he was second to none...."〔Richards (1980), page 26.〕 He wrote correct Latin but did not read or write Greek. He knew Latin authors, natural science, history, mathematics and music and had such a "fluency with imperial law" that he may have trained in it "as a preparation for a career in public life."〔 Indeed, he became a government official, advancing quickly in rank to become, like his father, Prefect of Rome, the highest civil office in the city, when only thirty-three years old.〔 The monks of the Monastery of St. Andrew, established by Gregory at the ancestral home on the Caelian, had a portrait of him made after his death, which John the Deacon also saw in the 9th century. He reports the picture of a man who was "rather bald" and had a "tawny" beard like his father's and a face that was intermediate in shape between his mother's and father's. The hair that he had on the sides was long and carefully curled. His nose was "thin and straight" and "slightly aquiline." "His forehead was high." He had thick, "subdivided" lips and a chin "of a comely prominence" and "beautiful hands."〔Richards (1980), page 44.〕 In the modern era, Gregory is often depicted as a man at the border, poised between the Roman and Germanic worlds, between East and West, and above all, perhaps, between the ancient and medieval epochs.〔Leyser pg 132〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pope Gregory I」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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